///////////////////////////////////// Vitamin B12 /////////////////////////////////

1. Vitamin B12 is a water-soluble vitamin. The term vitamin B12 includes the free vitamin (cyanocobalamin) and two coenzymes methylcobalamin and 5-deoxyadenosylcobalamin.

2. Vitamin B12 is released from dietary proteins by pepsin and HCl in the stomach. Unlike other water-soluble Vitamins, vitamin B12 is stored in the human body. The body stores between 5 and 12 mg of vitamin B12, primarily in the liver and kidneys, and excesses are excreted by way of kidney or in bile.

3. Vitamin B12 is essential for two types of enzymatic reactions in humans; methyl group transfer and transfer of a hydrogen atom from one carbon to an adjacent carbon atom.

4. Vitamin B12 deficiencies manifest primarily as anemia and neurologic changes, although a deficiency of this vitamin inhibits DNA synthesis, which affects growth and repair of all cells. Pernicious anemia is a form of megaloblastic anemia caused by either inadequate vitamin

5. B12 intake or reduced gastric secretion of intrinsic factor, which inhibits absorption.Neurologic changes due to vitamin B12 deficiency can occur in the absence of any hematologic abnormalities. Depending on the duration of symptoms, neurologic complications of vitamin B12 deficiency may or may not be reversible following treatment.

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